Methodology v1.1 · engine 1.2.0 · library 2026.11-mfp.8

How every number is made

A product carbon footprint adds up the greenhouse gases from making, moving, using and disposing of one product. Ours checks the listed requirements from three standards and shows which checks each footprint passes.

Methodology v1.0 (PDF)

ISO 14040 / 14044

ISO 14040:2006; ISO 14044:2006 (as held; amendments not yet reviewed)

The rules for any life cycle assessment: set the goal and scope, collect the data, assess the impact, interpret the result, report it honestly.

ISO 14067

ISO 14067:2018

The international standard for a product's carbon footprint: which gases, which warming factors, how to treat electricity, plant carbon, land use and air freight, and what the report must contain.

PACT v3

PACT Methodology v3.0 (2025); Technical Specifications v3.0.3

The WBCSD framework companies use to exchange cradle-to-gate footprints: one method, data-quality scores, a primary data share and a common data file.

What we claim, and what we don't

The engine implements the requirements listed below. The 30 requirements below are tested on every footprint, and the result shows, for each standard, which are met.
A footprint conforms only when its inputs are complete. The standards apply to each study, not to software. If your goal statement, data period or supplier data is missing, the check says so and tells you what to add.
Some items need an independent person. A critical review (ISO 14071) and verification of our calculation model (PACT v3 §5.3, required since 2025) are not done yet. Until they are, results are self-declared.
Catalogue footprints are screening estimates, not studies. They use named default data, so they are never presented as conforming.
We do not claim certification to ISO 14067 or PACT. PACT's own "conformant" label covers data-exchange APIs only. We never use the words "certified" or "verified" unless an independent body has done that work.

How catalogue footprints apply ISO 14040, 14044 and 14067

Goal. Every catalogue footprint states its goal: screening information for shoppers, brands and buyers on Made for Planet, for a public audience, not for comparative assertions and not a footprint communication under ISO 14026.
Full or partial footprint. Where a listing gives the weight, the footprint covers the whole life cycle of one item (a functional unit). Where it does not, it is a partial footprint per kg of product, raw materials to the factory gate: ISO 14067 (§6.3.3) allows a per-kg declared unit only for a partial footprint. Food and soap are partial footprints to the packed product, because use and disposal vary too much to assume.
Biogenic carbon. For partial footprints the carbon held in plant- or animal-based material is reported next to the total, not in it (ISO 14067 §6.4.9.3), where the material's carbon content is known.
Cut-off rule. A flow may be left out only when its effect is estimated and reported. Inbound transport of materials to the factory is left out (supplier locations are unknown) and estimated on every product as the material weight carried 500 km by an average lorry. Capital goods are excluded, as is usual for product footprints.
Product category rules. The EU PEF category rules for apparel and footwear (v3.1) exist but are not followed in screening; food follows AGRIBALYSE; no ISO/TS 14027 rules exist for the other kinds. Each footprint says which applies.
Data. Listings carry no factory data, so every value is secondary data from a cited source (ISO 14067 §6.3.5 allows this where primary data cannot be had), and each default is in the assumptions register. Fuel factors are per kWh on a gross calorific value basis, as published by UK DESNZ.
Sensitivity. Where a published alternative exists (for example economic against protein-mass allocation for wool, or reused against recycled fabric), the engine recalculates with it and shows the change.
Comparisons. Figures are shown side by side only for the same kind of product with the same unit and boundary, and sorting by footprint works only within one category. Per-kg partial footprints are not compared for shoppers: ISO 14067 (Annex B) keeps declared-unit comparisons to business use. We never say one product is better than another; a public comparative assertion would need a critical-review panel (ISO 14044 §6.1).
Limits. A carbon footprint covers climate change only. A lower figure does not mean a lower environmental impact overall, and it should not be the only basis for a decision (ISO 14067 Annex A). Results are potential, relative impacts, not predictions.

The rule the engine will not break

The engine never invents a number. Every value it uses is (a) supplied by the company, (b) a cited factor from the library, or (c) exact chemistry. If an input is missing, the calculation stops and lists every missing item at once. Every default the engine applies is written to an assumptions register that travels with the result. AI only reads product listings; it never produces a number.

How a footprint is made

1 · Goal and scope

The company states what the footprint is for, who reads it, the unit, the boundary and the data period. Without these the result is not a valid study.

2 · Materials

Every material in one product, with production losses: gross = net ÷ (1 − loss). Recycled content uses the cut-off rule. A supplier's own footprint replaces the database value and counts as primary data. Material names are matched automatically: a named material or trade name is high confidence; a bare family word ("cotton") is medium and its assumption is written to the register. If the rules recognise nothing, AI may pick the closest material from the library list (never a number); that line is flagged “AI suggestion”, scored as a proxy (technology 4) and stays flagged until someone confirms it. The factor is then picked for the material's country of origin, else its region, else the global average.

3 · Factory energy

Metered electricity and fuel, split between co-products by mass (or by value when prices differ more than 5×). Electricity uses the grid of the factory's country, or a supplier contract that meets the quality criteria.

4 · Transport

Tonne-kilometres × a well-to-wheel factor. Air freight is shown on its own, without the radiative-forcing multiplier.

5 · Checks before calculating

Materials must match the product's weight within 5 %; every share must add up; every unit must match its factor. If anything is missing, nothing is calculated and every gap is listed.

6 · Use and end of life

Only for cradle-to-grave, and only with a cited scenario. End of life uses cut-off by default (no credits); incineration releases the product's carbon by chemistry.

7 · Carbon accounting

Plant carbon absorbed (−1) and released (+1), carbon stored in landfill or sent to recycling, fossil carbon in the product, and land-use change on its own line.

8 · Warming factors

IPCC AR6, 100 years: CH₄ fossil 29.8, CH₄ biogenic 27.0, N₂O 273. Database values published on an older basis are flagged. Fuel combustion is recharacterised from gas splits; aggregated upstream WTT retains its published basis.

9 · Quality and uncertainty

Each line is scored 1–5 for technology, geography and age (PACT Table 12) and carries a 95 % uncertainty; a Monte Carlo run gives the range of the total.

10 · Sensitivity

The total is recalculated with every alternative factor, the other allocation method, the grid instead of a green contract, and the use profile at its bounds.

11 · Standards check

Every footprint is tested against the requirements below. The result shows, for each standard, what is met, what is missing and how to fix it.

12 · Report

ISO 14067 study report (items a–t), separate reporting of fossil, biogenic, land-use change and aircraft emissions, and a PACT v3.0.3 data file.

Reference tables

The detail behind every footprint, for auditors and anyone checking our work.

The standards check, requirement by requirement30 requirements with their clauses

Every footprint is tested against each line below. The clause is the section of the standard that requires it. “—” means the standard does not require it.

Goal and scope

Requirement	ISO 14040/44	ISO 14067	PACT v3
The study's purpose is written down What the footprint is for, why it was made and who will read it.	§4.2.2	§6.3.1	—
No public claim that one product beats another A footprint may not be used to tell the public that one product is better than a competitor's.	§4.2.2; Amd 1 Annex C	§Annex A, Annex B	—
The unit is clear, and a partial footprint is labelled as such Cradle-to-grave needs a functional unit (what the product does). Cradle-to-gate uses a declared unit and is labelled a partial footprint.	§4.2.3.2	§6.3.3	§3.2.4
The system boundary is described Which life-cycle stages and processes are in, and which are out.	§4.2.3.3	§6.3.4, 7.3 b	§3.2.3
The time period is stated and justified Which months or years of data the footprint represents, and why.	—	§6.3.6	§3.2.3
Product category rules are used where they exist If a recognised rulebook exists for this product type, it is followed; if not, that is stated.	—	§6.2	§3.1.2

Inventory (the data)

Requirement	ISO 14040/44	ISO 14067	PACT v3
Anything left out is small, estimated and reported Excluded processes must be listed with an estimate. PACT caps them at under 3 % in total.	§4.2.3.3.3	§6.3.4.3	§3.3.1.2
The data is checked for consistency Materials must add up to the product's weight (within 5 %) before anything is calculated.	§4.3.2–4.3.3	§6.4.3	—
Own processes use measured data, or say why not Energy in the company's own factories must be metered; an estimate needs a written reason.	—	§6.3.5	§4.1.3
Every database value is referenced and fit for purpose Each factor names its source, version and link. Only attributional, maintained datasets are used.	§4.3.2	§6.3.5	§4.1.3.2
Shared factory burdens are split by the standard rules When a factory makes more than one product, emissions are split by mass, or by value when prices differ by more than 5×, and the alternative is tested.	§4.3.4	§6.4.6	§3.3.1.4
Recycling is counted with the cut-off method Recycled input carries the recycling burden; no credits for future recycling.	§4.3.4.3	§6.4.6.3	§3.3.2.2
Electricity covers its whole life cycle Each kWh must include fuel supply upstream, generation and grid losses, for all greenhouse gases.	§4.3.2–4.3.3	§6.4.9.4.1	§3.3.2.3
Electricity follows the market-based rules Green-power contracts count only if they meet the quality criteria; otherwise the residual mix is used where one is published.	—	§6.4.9.4.4	§3.3.2.3, Box 7
Land-use change is counted and shown separately Emissions from clearing land in the last 20 years are included and reported on their own line.	—	§6.4.9.5	§3.3.2.4
Biogenic carbon is counted in and out Carbon absorbed by plants is counted as a removal (−1) and released carbon as an emission (+1); the carbon content is reported.	—	§6.4.9.2, 6.4.9.3, 6.5.2	§3.3.2.4
Air freight is shown separately, without radiative forcing Air freight emissions are listed on their own and do not include the high-altitude multiplier.	—	§6.4.9.7	§3.3.2.1
No offsets or avoided emissions Carbon credits and 'avoided' emissions can never reduce the footprint.	—	§6.3.4.1	§3.3.2.2

Impact assessment

Requirement	ISO 14040/44	ISO 14067	PACT v3
Latest IPCC warming factors (AR6, 100 years) Gases are converted to CO₂e with the IPCC's latest 100-year factors.	§4.4.2	§6.5.1	§3.2.2
Fossil and biogenic methane are kept apart Methane from fossil and biological sources uses different factors; biogenic CO₂ counts −1 in and +1 out.	—	§6.5.2	—

Interpretation

Requirement	ISO 14040/44	ISO 14067	PACT v3
Key choices are stress-tested The result is recalculated with alternative factors, allocation and scenarios to show how much the choices matter.	§4.5.3.3	§6.4.5, 6.6	—
Uncertainty is assessed A Monte Carlo range shows how far the true value could plausibly be from the result.	—	§6.6	—
Data quality is scored Every line is scored 1–5 on technology, geography and time, and the share of primary data is reported.	§4.2.3.6	§6.3.5	§4.2.2, 4.2.3
Limitations are stated Assumptions, warnings and the limits of a climate-only study travel with every result.	§4.5.4	§6.6, Annex A	—

Reporting

Requirement	ISO 14040/44	ISO 14067	PACT v3
Results are broken down the required way Per life-cycle stage, plus fossil, biogenic, land-use change and aircraft emissions each shown separately.	—	§7.2	§3.3.1, data model
The study report contains every required item Unit, boundary, data sources, allocation, electricity treatment, assumptions and the other ISO 14067 report items are generated with each result.	§5.2	§7.3	—
The PACT data file is complete The file a customer receives has every field PACT requires, in the right format.	—	—	§6.1; Tech Specs v3.0.3
The primary data share is reported How much of the footprint rests on the company's own data and supplier-specific factors.	—	—	§4.2.2

Review and verification

Requirement	ISO 14040/44	ISO 14067	PACT v3
Independent critical review An independent reviewer checks the study (ISO/TS 14071). Optional under ISO 14067, but needed before public comparisons.	§6	§8	—
Third-party verification of the calculation model Since 2025 PACT requires an independent verifier to check the calculation model (limited assurance).	—	—	§5.3.3

Clause numbers: ISO 14040:2006 and ISO 14044:2006 as held (the 2017 and 2020 amendments are not yet reviewed); ISO 14067:2018; PACT Methodology v3.0 and Technical Specifications v3.0.3. ISO 14067 is under revision (working draft, 2026); the check will follow the new edition when it is published.

Company footprints, screening and data qualityTwo modes, and how PACT v3 scores data quality

Company footprint. Brands enter their bill of materials, losses, metered energy, transport and, for cradle-to-grave, cited use and end-of-life scenarios, plus the goal-and-scope statements. The result carries the standards check, the ISO 14067 study report and a PACT data file. Calculate a company footprint →

Catalogue screening. Listings carry no primary data, so a screening adapter fills each gap with a named default (below). Screening results run through the same engine and are labelled Screening estimate.

Data quality (PACT v3 Table 12)

Technology	1 plant-specific; 2 company-specific; 3 average for the same technology (the best a database value can score); 4 proxy; 5 unknown.
Geography	1 the country; 2 country average for a site in a sub-region; 3 region containing it; 4 global average; 5 another place or unknown.
Time	Years between the data and the footprint period: ≤1 → 1, ≤2 → 2, ≤3 → 3, ≤4 → 4, more → 5.
Total	Each score averaged, weighted by each line's emissions. Primary data share: lines where both the activity and the factor are the company's or supplier's own.

UncertaintyHow the 95% range is worked out

Each line is treated as lognormal around its value. Its spread combines the activity uncertainty you state and five pedigree scores (Ciroth, Muller, Weidema & Lesage 2012). The range shown is a lower bound: real uncertainty is at least this wide.

Pedigree score	1	2	3	4	5
reliability	1.00	1.54	1.61	1.69	1.69
completeness	1.00	1.03	1.04	1.08	1.08
temporal	1.00	1.03	1.10	1.19	1.29
geographical	1.00	1.04	1.08	1.11	1.11
technological	1.00	1.18	1.65	2.08	2.80

Where our data still falls short7 known gaps

These are the reasons a complete company footprint can still fail a check today. Each is a data upgrade, not a change of method.

Electricity grid losses	Ember generation factors are adjusted to delivered electricity with EF ÷ (1 − loss fraction), using the sourced national loss rates. UK DESNZ already includes losses and is not adjusted again. Rates can include theft and statistical differences and use different reference years; supplier or voltage-specific evidence should replace these defaults. The CEA CO₂-only factor remains incomplete.
Residual mix	The company form offers AIB national residual mixes (2025 data) and Green-e eGRID subregions (2023 data). These are direct CO₂ only; upstream, other gases and losses still need a complete life-cycle factor. Full-disclosure countries require supplier attributes.
Warming factors	Most database values were published with IPCC AR5 or an unstated basis. ISO 14067 accepts this when justified and disclosed; PACT does not, so the PACT check fails until AR6 data replaces them.
Land-use change	Cotton has land-use change buried in its total; paper and leather coverage is unknown. The form accepts a separate documented result and splits it out of an inclusive factor without double counting.
Leather carbon	The library has no verifiable leather carbon content. Enter measured as-received biogenic and fossil carbon content with its source to resolve this in a study.
Independent review	The calculation model has not yet been verified by a third party (PACT, mandatory since 2025), and no study has had an ISO 14071 critical review.
Database values	UK DESNZ values are PIN (read from a machine copy of the official file). Several materials rely on screening proxies until supplier EPDs, PACT footprints or licensed databases replace them.

Where the data comes from61 sources and their licences

Every factor names its database. The library refuses any source whose licence does not allow commercial use.

Source	Version	Licence	Tier
AIB European Residual Mixes 2025, final national results Association of Issuing Bodies	2025 results, v1.0 (2026-05-26)	AIB attribution required; underlying technology inputs not redistributed	5
Green-e 2025 Residual Mix Emission Rates (2023 Data) Center for Resource Solutions	Released 2026-01-29, 2023 data	Publicly published rates; cite CRS Green-e	5
UK DESNZ Greenhouse gas reporting: conversion factors 2025 UK Department for Energy Security and Net Zero	2025 (flat file)	Open Government Licence v3.0	5
Ember Global Electricity Review 2025 Ember	2025 (2024 data)	CC BY 4.0 (confirmed via Our World in Data; Ember's own terms page not reached)	5
Carbon intensity of electricity (Ember via Our World in Data) Our World in Data / Ember	2026 release (2025 data)	CC BY 4.0	5
CO2 Baseline Database for the Indian Power Sector v21.0 Central Electricity Authority, Government of India	v21.0 (Nov 2025), FY2024-25	Government publication; reuse terms not stated	5
LCA for Cotton, technical report Textile Exchange	Mar 2026	Published study	4
Environmental footprints of cotton and cotton fibres ifeu (Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung)	2022	Published study	4
Life Cycle Assessment of Organic Cotton Fiber (summary) Textile Exchange / PE International	2014	Published study	4
Cotton Incorporated LCA update Cotton Incorporated (as cited by ifeu 2022)	2017	Published study	4
PlasticsEurope eco-profiles (Boustead) PlasticsEurope	2005	Published eco-profile	4
PlasticsEurope EPD Polypropylene PlasticsEurope	Apr 2014 (2011 data)	Published EPD	4
ISOPA eco-profile Polyols ISOPA / PlasticsEurope	2021 (2018 data)	Published eco-profile	4
Environmental Profile Report 2024 v2.0 European Aluminium	2024 v2.0 (2023 data)	Published report	4
Sustainability Indicators 2025 World Steel Association	2025 (2024 data)	Published report	4
Cucci, Valentini, Dorigato (2025) Sci. Total Environ. 987:179653 Elsevier (peer-reviewed)	2025	Journal article	4
Leather Carbon Footprint UNIDO (citing Knoedler)	2017	Published report	4
MFP screening proxies MFP (compiled from cited literature)	proxies.1	Internal	6
LCA of recycling cotton (Miljögiraff Report 75 for H&M) Miljögiraff	25 Aug 2016	Published report / journal article	4
Carbon Footprint and Sustainability of Different Natural Fibres (de Beus, Carus, Barth) nova-Institut	2019	Published report / journal article	4
European Flax-Linen Environmental Footprint guide Alliance for European Flax-Linen & Hemp	October 2026 update (EF 3.1 dataset Jan 2023)	Published report / journal article	4
Eco-profile Polyamide 6.6 PlasticsEurope	Feb 2014 (valid to 2018)	Published report / journal article	4
ECONYL regenerated nylon LCA summary Aquafil	2023-2024 data	Published report / journal article	4
TENCEL claim-proof documents (Higg MSI v3.8) Lenzing AG	10-2024	Published report / journal article	4
Eco-profile flexible polyurethane foam EUROPUR	Feb 2025 (reference year 2024)	Published report / journal article	4
Vink & Davies (2015) Ingeo PLA eco-profile, Industrial Biotechnology 11(3) NatureWorks / Mary Ann Liebert (peer-reviewed)	2015	Published report / journal article	4
Brugnoli et al. (2025) A global study on the LCA of leather, Discover Sustainability 6:80 Springer (peer-reviewed)	2025	Published report / journal article	4
Zelezny et al. (2023) LCA case study of ceramic tableware, Sustainability 15:9097 MDPI (peer-reviewed)	2023	Published report / EPD / journal article	4
Bonna porcelain tableware EPD (EPD-IES-0017302) Bonna / EPD International	2023	Published report / EPD / journal article	4
Asahi India Glass, tempered glass EPD (EPD-IES-0024583) AIS / EPD International	2024	Published report / EPD / journal article	4
Niccolucci et al. (2009) handmade crystal glass, WIT Transactions vol. 122 WIT Press (proceedings)	2009	Published report / EPD / journal article	4
Marshalls natural stone EPDs (EPD Hub) Marshalls plc / EPD Hub	2023	Published report / EPD / journal article	4
Italian ornamental stone sector EPD (EPD-IES-0023920) Pietre Naturali Associate / EPD International	2024	Published report / EPD / journal article	4
Eco-profile liquid epoxy resin PlasticsEurope (Boustead)	2005	Published report / EPD / journal article	4
Global Timber tropical sawn hardwood EPD (HUB-0367) Global Timber / EPD Hub	2023	Published report / EPD / journal article	4
UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2026 (flat file, revised Jul 2026) UK Department for Energy Security and Net Zero	2026	Open Government Licence v3.0	5
Base Carbone (Base Empreinte) ADEME	dataset updated 2026-06-30	Licence Ouverte / Etalab 2.0 (credit ADEME, Base Carbone, and the date of last update)	5
Life Cycle Assessment of Raw White, Dyed and Pigmented Acrylic Fibres (MSc thesis) NOVA University Lisbon (RUN repository)	2020	Open-access thesis; cite	4
FWPA Australian hardwood EPD (S-P-00561) Forest & Wood Products Australia	2015 (expired)	Published report / EPD / journal article	4
MOSO bamboo EPDs (NIBE 18247 / 18246) MOSO International / NIBE	2022	Published report / EPD / journal article	4
PT Kutai Timber plywood EPD (S-P-15672) Kutai Timber / EPD International	2024	Published report / EPD / journal article	4
Kronospan MDF and particleboard EPDs (HUB-0865, HUB-0864, HUB-3501) Kronospan / EPD Hub	2021-2022	Published report / EPD / journal article	4
Essity Purex toilet tissue EPD (S-P-00852) Essity / EPD International	2023	Published report / EPD / journal article	4
Nuss & Eckelman (2014) Life cycle assessment of metals: a scientific synthesis, PLOS ONE 9(7):e101298 PLOS (peer-reviewed)	2014 (ecoinvent 2.2, 2008 supply)	Published report / EPD / journal article	4
Jindal Stainless cold-rolled austenitic stainless EPD (EPD-IES-0007804) Jindal Stainless / EPD International	2024	Published report / EPD / journal article	4
Outokumpu cold-rolled stainless EPD (EPD-IES-0017264) Outokumpu / EPD International	2022	Published report / EPD / journal article	4
Copper Environmental Profile (cathode, reference year 2019) International Copper Association	2023	Published report / EPD / journal article	4
Sofia Med brass and copper strip EPDs Sofia Med / EPD International	2023	Published report / EPD / journal article	4
Nordic Brass Gusum brass bar and ingot EPDs Nordic Brass Gusum / EPD International	2025	Published report / EPD / journal article	4
Gnutti brass bar EPD (EPD-IES-0002587) Gnutti / EPD International	2023	Published report / EPD / journal article	4
World Gold Council (2019) Gold and climate change World Gold Council	2019	Published report / EPD / journal article	4
International Zinc Association, zinc life cycle data International Zinc Association	reference year 2021	Published report / EPD / journal article	4
Mistry et al. (2016) LCA of nickel products (Nickel Institute data) Int J LCA / Nickel Institute	reference year 2011	Published report / EPD / journal article	4
Aurubis product carbon footprint declarations Aurubis AG	10/2025 (2024 data)	Published report / EPD / journal article	4
RISE (2023) Climate impact from Nordic Swan Ecolabelled candles RISE Research Institutes of Sweden	2023	Published report / EPD / journal article	4
Global Silicone Council / denkstatt SILICAB 2 report Global Silicone Council	2024	Published report / EPD / journal article	4
PlasticsEurope eco-profiles: ABS (2023), PC (2019), PMMA (2024) PlasticsEurope	2019-2024	Published report / EPD / journal article	4
Braskem I'm green bio-based PE LCA summary v5.0 (KPMG-reviewed) Braskem	v5.0	Published report / EPD / journal article	4
United Soybean Board / NOPA US soybean products LCA fact sheet United Soybean Board	2024	Published report / EPD / journal article	4
AGRIBALYSE 3.2 food product synthesis table ADEME / INRAE	3.2 (published Aug 2025)	Licence Ouverte / Etalab 2.0 (credit ADEME, AGRIBALYSE 3.2, and the date of last update)	5
Euro Chlor Eco-profile: chlorine and sodium hydroxide (2022) Euro Chlor	2022 (reference year 2020)	Published report	4

Tiers follow PACT's data hierarchy: 1–2 supplier-specific, 3 licensed life-cycle databases, 4 industry and peer-reviewed data, 5 national official factors, 6 screening proxies.

Sources we do not use · 9

Circular Ecology ICE (Inventory of Carbon and Energy)	ICE Educational V5.0 forbids commercial use, software, APIs and derivatives. The v4.1 commercial licence ends 30 Sep 2026; IC+ needs a paid platform licence. Owner decision 2026-09-26: no ICE data.
aPriori regional data libraries	Usable only inside aPriori's software (ecoinvent-derived).
IDEMAT	CC BY-NC: non-commercial only.
EXIOBASE 3	Non-commercial licence; also spend-based, not a material factor.
EU EF 3.1 secondary datasets	Free rights ended 31 Dec 2025; now needs licences from each data owner.
NASA EMIT L2B CO2	Plume enhancement, no emission rates. Supplier-site screening only.
Copernicus CDS satellite CO2	Atmospheric concentration, not emissions.
IEA Putting CO2 to Use (2019)	Policy report. Informs accounting rules for CO2-derived products only.
Ramirez-Corredores (2024) npj Materials Sustainability 2:35	Narrative review, no datasets. Trace any number to its primary study.

Screening defaults for catalogue productsNamed defaults used when a listing gives no data

Product mass	The listing's weight if given; otherwise a category typical value (e.g. T-shirt 0.18 kg, sneakers 0.75 kg).
Material shares	Stated percentages when the listing gives them; otherwise split from the materials named, marked Estimated or Default.
Country of manufacture	From the listing; India when not stated, flagged as assumed.
Textile losses	15 % of fabric input lost in cutting and making, sent to landfill.
Process energy	Literature intensities (spinning, weaving or knitting, dyeing and finishing, cut-make-trim, footwear or bag assembly) as unmetered activity data with GSD 1.5–2.0, on the grid of the country of manufacture.
Packaging	Category default: poly bag and shipping-box share for clothing; shoebox and tissue for footwear; paper bag and box share for accessories.
Distribution	Default route by origin and market (road, sea or air), carrying product plus packaging.
Use phase	Clothing only: 52 washes at 0.7 kWh per cycle over a 4 kg load, plus tumble drying (5 % of washes in India, 30 % in the EU), on the grid of the market.
End of life	MFP market scenario by material class (India: textiles 80 % landfill / dump, 5 % burning), cut-off for the recovered share.
Bovine leather	The global average of Brugnoli et al. 2025 (16 tanneries, 11 countries), which allocates cattle farming to the hide by economic value, at the study's own 0.94 kg/m². UNIDO's figures with farming fully allocated (upper bound) and tannery-only (lower bound) appear in the sensitivity table.
Materials outside the library	Screening proxies from the earlier MFP factor list, CONTESTED with a technological score of 4.
Products outside fashion	Classified from the HS code and the product name into home textiles, home and kitchen goods, furniture, jewellery, stationery, toys and food. Materials are matched to factors read at their source (ceramic tableware studies and EPDs, timber, bamboo and panel EPDs, metal association data and EPDs, plastics eco-profiles, wax and silicone reports). Shaping energy is included only where the factor covers the finished article (ceramic tableware, glass); otherwise it is stated as excluded.
Weight not stated	No typical weight is assumed for these products: the footprint is given per kilogram of product, and becomes per item once the weight is entered.
Food	Matched by name to AGRIBALYSE 3.2 (ADEME / INRAE, Licence Ouverte 2.0): its agriculture, transformation and packaging stages, per kg as consumed in France, cradle to gate. French supply-chain values, scored as such.
Not estimated	Cosmetics, cleaners, electronics, live plants, plated jewellery (plating mass unknown), phone cases (only a per-case producer LCA exists) and products whose main material has no verified factor are listed in reports/catalogue-build.json and left out.
Inbound transport	Not modelled (supplier locations unknown).

Screening activity data and benchmarks · 21

Value	Amount	Unit	Source
Ring spinning (cotton, ~200 dtex) electricity Energy scales inversely with yarn dtex; finer yarn = more kWh. Multiply by grid factor	3.4	kWh per kg yarn	van der Velden, Patel & Vogtlander, Int J LCA, 2014
Weaving (air-jet) electricity Midpoint of 2.97-4.38 air-jet range; plus ~1.6 MJ heat for sizing	3.6	kWh per kg fabric	van der Velden et al., Int J LCA, 2014
Knitting electricity Paper's value; some industry data show up to ~1 kWh/kg - treat as lower bound	0.18	kWh per kg fabric	van der Velden et al., Int J LCA, 2014
Dyeing & finishing (wet processing) energy Calibrated so wet processing ≈ 5 kg CO2e/kg fabric on a typical Asian grid (consistent with the wet_processing_co2_asia entry and Quantis 2018 hotspot findings)	7	kWh per kg fabric (electricity + thermal)	Quantis, Measuring Fashion, 2018 (dyeing & finishing = 36% of apparel GHG, largest stage)
Cut-make-trim (garment assembly) Plus ~10-20% cutting waste to add to upstream mass. ~0.65 kg CO2e/kg at Asian grid	1	kWh per kg garment	Quantis, Measuring Fashion, 2018 (assembly ~7% of apparel GHG)
Footwear manufacturing & assembly energy Calibration default: MIT found manufacturing (incl. part production) ≈ two-thirds of ~14 kg CO2e per pair; net of the material and textile processing already co	8	kWh per pair	Derived from Cheah et al. (MIT, 2013): manufacturing ≈ two-thirds of ~14 kg CO2e per running shoe pair, coal-heavy grid
Bag / small leather goods assembly energy Default; replace with factory data.	2	kWh per item	Default assumption (cut, stitch, finish)
Domestic washing machine cycle (40C, ~7 kg load) Allocate per garment by mass share of load.	0.7	kWh per wash	EU Energy Label Regulation 2019/2014 / JRC washing machine preparatory study 2017
Tumble dryer cycle Heat-pump ~1-1.5, condenser/vented ~3-4.5.	2	kWh per cycle	EU tumble dryer energy label data (Europa Energy Efficient Products)
Typical washes over T-shirt life Secondary source for PEFCR default; check PEFCR Table 6/40	52	washes per item	PEFCR Apparel & Footwear v3.1 applied example (cyrcID)
Solar PV electricity (lifecycle) Used for the renewable-electricity improvement lever.	0.048	kg CO2e per kWh	IPCC AR5 WGIII Annex III, utility-scale PV median
India MSW fate split (CPCB 2021-22) Value = landfilled 24%; treated/processed 54%; unaccounted/open dump 22% (incl. informal burning, not separated). Via secondary summary	0.24	share (fraction)	CPCB Annual Report on Solid Waste Management 2021-22
Cotton T-shirt (PEFCR-style full life cycle) Secondary/unpeer-reviewed; Carbon Trust ~ similar order	2.71	kg CO2e per item	cyrcID PEFCR v3.1 T-shirt breakdown (secondary; cites 2025 Monte Carlo median 3.01)
Levi's 501 jeans Consumer care 37%, fabric 27%, fibre 9%, CMT 8%	33.4	kg CO2e per item	Levi Strauss & Co., The Life Cycle of a Jean, 2015
Running shoe (pair), synthetic 30 lb (~14 kg) CO2e/pair; >2/3 from manufacturing; 65 parts, 360 steps	14	kg CO2e per item	Cheah, Olivetti et al., MIT, Manufacturing-focused emissions reductions in footwear production, J Cleaner Prod 2013
Allbirds average product footprint Brand-published, 22% below 2022	5.54	kg CO2e per item	Allbirds, Flight Plan / sustainability report, 2023 data
Leather shoe (pair)	20	kg CO2e per item	MIT 2013 notes leather shoes higher; ~20 kg typical in brand/academic LCAs
Leather handbag highly allocation-sensitive	50	kg CO2e per item	Derived: ~0.5 m2 leather x UNIDO 110 kg/m2 (incl. livestock) - rough
Polyester dress/jacket	10	kg CO2e per item	Quantis Measuring Fashion 2018 / brand PCFs
Corrugated shipping box (~0.4 kg) Derived	0.2	kg CO2e per item	Derived: 0.4 kg x FEFCO 0.491 kg CO2e/kg
PET bottle 500 ml (~20 g) Derived; excludes contents & cap	0.08	kg CO2e per item	Derived: 0.02 kg x (PlasticsEurope PET 2.15 + ~1.5 conversion)

Emission factor library186 factors, each with its source

125 primary source59 pin to primary2 contested

Primary source: Read from the publisher's own document. Pin to primary: Read from a faithful secondary copy. Pin to the primary document before any external claim. Contested: Published, but sources disagree or the scope is non-standard; includes every screening proxy. Sensitivity analysis is mandatory. Computed: Derived by the engine from exact chemistry or a stated formula.

Materials

Factor	Value	Unit	Geography	Year	Status	Source
PET (incl. forming), primary material production desnz25_pet_primary	3.86390131	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Material use
PET (incl. forming), closed-loop source (recycled) desnz25_pet_closedloop	2.21390131	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Material use
HDPE (incl. forming), primary desnz25_hdpe_primary	3.09515524	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Material use
HDPE (incl. forming), closed-loop source desnz25_hdpe_closedloop	1.77079099	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Material use
LDPE and LLDPE (incl. forming), primary desnz25_ldpe_primary	2.9650779	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Material use
LDPE and LLDPE (incl. forming), closed-loop source desnz25_ldpe_closedloop	1.09790131	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Material use
PP (incl. forming), primary desnz25_pp_primary	2.57757172	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Material use
PP (incl. forming), closed-loop source desnz25_pp_closedloop	1.31257172	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Material use
PS (incl. forming), primary desnz25_ps_primary	4.37680391	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Material use
PS (incl. forming), closed-loop source desnz25_ps_closedloop	2.66976255	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Material use
PVC (incl. forming), primary desnz25_pvc_primary	2.94475615	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Material use
PVC (incl. forming), closed-loop source desnz25_pvc_closedloop	1.84782267	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Material use
Paper, primary desnz25_paper_primary	1.3450779	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Material use
Paper, closed-loop source desnz25_paper_closedloop	1.0500779	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Material use
Board, primary desnz25_board_primary · Status as for the other DESNZ 2025 values. The FEFCO 2021 corrugated figure (0.491) is cradle-to-grave and net of biogenic removals (fossil 0.669 incl. end of l	1.19972542	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Material use
Board, closed-loop source desnz25_board_closedloop · Status as for the other DESNZ 2025 values. The FEFCO 2021 corrugated figure (0.491) is cradle-to-grave and net of biogenic removals (fossil 0.669 incl. end of l	1.09811442	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Material use
Glass, primary desnz25_glass_primary	1.40276667	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Material use
Glass, closed-loop source desnz25_glass_closedloop	0.82318954	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Material use
Aluminium cans and foil (excl. forming), primary desnz25_alu_primary	9.11590131	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Material use
Aluminium cans and foil (excl. forming), closed-loop source desnz25_alu_closedloop	0.9950779	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Material use
Steel cans, primary desnz25_steel_primary	2.86390131	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Material use
Steel cans, closed-loop source desnz25_steel_closedloop	1.82390131	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Material use
Conventional cotton fibre ifeu22_cotton_conv · Includes attributional land-use change; LUC share not separable in the published figure.	2.7	kgCO2e/kg	GLO	2022	Pin to primary	ifeu (2022) Environmental footprints of cotton and cotton fibres
Organic cotton fibre ifeu22_cotton_org	2.3	kgCO2e/kg	GLO	2022	Pin to primary	ifeu (2022) Environmental footprints of cotton and cotton fibres
Conventional cotton fibre (TE/PE International 2014 comparison baseline) te14_cotton_conv	1.808	kgCO2e/kg	GLO	2014	Pin to primary	Textile Exchange (2014) LCA of Organic Cotton Fiber, summary (PE International)
Organic cotton fibre te14_cotton_org	0.978	kgCO2e/kg	GLO	2014	Pin to primary	Textile Exchange (2014) LCA of Organic Cotton Fiber, summary (PE International)
Conventional cotton fibre, global average ci17_cotton_conv	1.3	kgCO2e/kg	GLO	2017	Pin to primary	Cotton Incorporated LCA update (2017), as cited by ifeu 2022
Conventional cotton lint, global production-weighted average te26_cotton_conv_glo · Global LUC 0.25 of 2.9 (Table F-3). The report warns the global average leaves out relevant regions.	2.9	kgCO2e/kg	GLO	2026	Primary source	Textile Exchange (2026) LCA for Cotton, technical report, Table 5-2 / Annex F
Conventional cotton lint, India country average te26_cotton_conv_in	4.17	kgCO2e/kg	IN	2026	Primary source	Textile Exchange (2026) LCA for Cotton, technical report, Table 5-2 / Annex F
Conventional cotton lint, Brazil country average te26_cotton_conv_br · LUC 1.29 of 2.46.	2.46	kgCO2e/kg	BR	2026	Primary source	Textile Exchange (2026) LCA for Cotton, technical report, Table 5-2 / Annex F
Conventional cotton lint, Türkiye country average te26_cotton_conv_tr	1.29	kgCO2e/kg	TR	2026	Primary source	Textile Exchange (2026) LCA for Cotton, technical report, Table 5-2 / Annex F
Conventional cotton lint, US country average te26_cotton_conv_us	1.55	kgCO2e/kg	US	2026	Primary source	Textile Exchange (2026) LCA for Cotton, technical report, Table 5-2 / Annex F
Conventional cotton lint, China (selected regions) te26_cotton_conv_cn · Covers selected Chinese regions only.	1.72	kgCO2e/kg	CN	2026	Primary source	Textile Exchange (2026) LCA for Cotton, technical report, Table 5-2 / Annex F
Organic cotton lint, India te26_cotton_org_in	1.46	kgCO2e/kg	IN	2026	Primary source	Textile Exchange (2026) LCA for Cotton, technical report, Table 5-2 / Annex F
Organic cotton lint, Türkiye te26_cotton_org_tr	0.95	kgCO2e/kg	TR	2026	Primary source	Textile Exchange (2026) LCA for Cotton, technical report, Table 5-2 / Annex F
Organic cotton lint, US te26_cotton_org_us	1.77	kgCO2e/kg	US	2026	Primary source	Textile Exchange (2026) LCA for Cotton, technical report, Table 5-2 / Annex F
Organic cotton lint, Brazil te26_cotton_org_br	0.44	kgCO2e/kg	BR	2026	Primary source	Textile Exchange (2026) LCA for Cotton, technical report, Table 5-2 / Annex F
Polyamide 6 pe05_pa6	9.1	kgCO2e/kg	EUROPE	2005	Primary source	Boustead / PlasticsEurope eco-profile Nylon 6 (2005)
Acrylic fibre, raw white (SGL Composites, Portugal) torres20_acrylic_raw_white · Producer primary data Feb-Apr 2020, background ecoinvent. Some auxiliary chemicals were absent from ecoinvent and not modelled (thesis section 3). MSc thesis, n	5.473	kgCO2e/kg	PT	2020	Primary source	Torres C.B. (2020), Life Cycle Assessment of Raw White, Dyed and Pigmented Acrylic Fibres, MSc thesis, NOVA University Lisbon, Table 4.2 (p.73 of the PDF): 'Global Warming 100a kg CO2 eq. 5473 5439 5413' per 1 tonne of finished fibre
PET bottle grade resin pe05_pet_bottle	3.4	kgCO2e/kg	EUROPE	2005	Primary source	Boustead / PlasticsEurope eco-profile PET bottle grade (2005)
Polypropylene resin pe14_pp	1.63	kgCO2e/kg	EUROPE	2011	Pin to primary	PlasticsEurope EPD Polypropylene (Apr 2014)
Long-chain polyether polyol isopa21_polyol	2.93	kgCO2e/kg	EUROPE	2018	Primary source	ISOPA / PlasticsEurope eco-profile Polyols (2021)
Primary aluminium used in Europe (incl. imports) ea24_alu_primary_used_eu	10.1	kgCO2e/kg	EUROPE	2023	Primary source	European Aluminium, Environmental Profile Report 2024 v2.0
Crude steel, global average (GHG) wsa25_crude_steel	2.18	kgCO2e/kg	GLO	2024	Primary source	worldsteel Sustainability Indicators 2025
Natural rubber STR20 cucci25_natural_rubber_str20 · 79 % of the value is direct land-use change.	7.5	kgCO2e/kg	TH	2025	Pin to primary	Cucci, Valentini, Dorigato (2025) Sci. Total Environ. 987:179653
Finished bovine leather, slaughterhouse to tannery gate unido_leather_tannery · Excludes cattle farming. Reported range 35-320 kgCO2e/m2 when livestock burden is allocated.	17	kgCO2e/m2	GLO	2017	Contested	UNIDO Leather Carbon Footprint (citing Knoedler)
Finished bovine leather incl. cattle farming unido_leather_with_farming · Sensitivity only: allocates the whole farming share to the hide, the upper bound.	110	kgCO2e/m2	GLO	2017	Contested	UNIDO Leather Carbon Footprint (citing Knoedler)
Clothing, primary (whole-garment screening average) desnz25_clothing_screening · Screening only. Not a fibre factor; never combine with process energy.	22.31	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Material use (Other: Clothing)
Recycled cotton fibre, mechanical, post-consumer miljogiraff16_cotton_recycled_mech	0.381	kgCO2e/kg	GLO	2016	Primary source	Wendin M. / Miljögiraff (2016). LCA of recycling cotton - Life Cycle Assessment of recycling cotton (mechanically). Report number 75, Miljögiraff, Gothenburg, for H&M. Public report hosted by ESU-services. Section 4.4.2, Table 10; Abstract
Hemp fibre, technical (mass allocation) nova19_hemp_fibre · Mass allocation; economic allocation gives 0.846. Textile-grade hemp needs further processing.	0.406	kgCO2e/kg	EU	2019	Primary source	de Beus N., Carus M., Barth M. (2019). Carbon Footprint and Sustainability of Different Natural Fibres for Biocomposites and Insulation Material. nova-Institut GmbH. Section 3.5, p.25.
Flax, European scutched long fibre (dew retted) alliance26_flax_long_fibre	0.85	kgCO2e/kg	EU	2023	Primary source	Alliance for European Flax-Linen & Hemp (formerly CELC). European Flax-Linen Environmental Footprint Guide - Progress report on LCA, PEF, life cycle data for certified fibres, processes and products. Masters of Flax Fibre & Masters of Linen
Polyamide 6,6 polymer (PlasticsEurope eco-profile) pe14_pa66 · Polymer only, like the PA6 factor; spinning and texturising are not included. Dataset validity ended 2018.	6.44	kgCO2e/kg	EU	2011	Primary source	PlasticsEurope (2014). Eco-profiles and Environmental Product Declarations of the European Plastics Manufacturers: Polyamide 6.6 (PA6.6), February 2014
Recycled polyamide 6 polymer (ECONYL, Aquafil) aquafil24_econyl_pa6 · Producer summary sheet; full LCA report not public. Polymer only.	1.69	kgCO2e/kg	EU	2024	Primary source	Aquafil, 'Life Cycle Assessment data for ECONYL POLYMER' (one-page LCA summary); ISO 14040/44 third-party verified LCA by Studio Fieschi & soci Srl, Turin
Lyocell fibre (TENCEL, Lenzing) lenzing24_lyocell · Lenzing's LCA as published through Higg MSI v3.8. Lenzing-specific; generic lyocell may differ.	3.16	kgCO2e/kg	AT	2024	Primary source	Lenzing AG, 'Claim proof: TENCEL Lyocell fiber snapshot', 10-2024 (Higg MSI of TENCEL Lyocell)
Modal fibre (TENCEL, Lenzing) lenzing24_modal · Lenzing-specific (largely biomass energy at the Austrian site); generic Asian modal may be higher.	2.84	kgCO2e/kg	AT	2024	Primary source	Lenzing AG, 'Claim proof: TENCEL Modal fiber snapshot', 10-2024
Flexible polyurethane foam, slabstock TDI europur24_pu_foam_slabstock · Other grades 3.16-3.79; moulded foam 3.66 (EURO-MOULDERS 2021).	3.45	kgCO2e/kg	EU	2024	Primary source	EUROPUR / Plastics Europe, 'Eco-profile of Flexible Polyurethane (PU) Foam', February 2025 (file 250210_Eco-profile_Europur_2024_reviewed_signed.pdf), critically reviewed
PLA polymer (NatureWorks Ingeo), biogenic uptake not subtracted natureworks15_pla_gross · Derived: 0.62 net + 1.84 biogenic uptake = 2.46, so that uptake is not netted off (ISO 14067 / PACT v3 report removals separately).	2.46	kgCO2e/kg	US	2014	Primary source	Vink, E.T.H. & Davies, S. (2015). Life Cycle Inventory and Impact Assessment Data for 2014 Ingeo Polylactide Production. Industrial Biotechnology 11(3):167-180 (NatureWorks eco-profile paper, open access)
Finished bovine leather, global average incl. cattle farming (economic allocation to hides) brugnoli25_leather_global · 22.0 kg CO2e per kg; 1 kg = 1.0632 m2 (the study's own conversion). 16 tanneries in 11 countries, none in India. EU PEFCR for Leather (2018) default economic sh	20.7	kgCO2e/m2	GLO	2022	Primary source	Brugnoli F., Sena K., Zugno L., Oggioni A. (2025). A global study on the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of the modern cow leather industry. Discover Sustainability 6:80. doi:10.1007/s43621-025-00798-6 (open access). Table 9; Table 6; Table 12;
Ceramic tableware, wheel-thrown studio stoneware, electric kiln 1280 °C zelezny23_stoneware_studio · Table 1 PW: 5.0e3 kg products, electricity 2.2e4 kWh -> 4.4 kWh/kg (arithmetic mine). Closest proxy for handmade stoneware mugs/plates fired in electric kilns;	3.1	kgCO2e/kg	CZ	2019	Primary source	Zelezny et al. (2023) Sustainability 15(11):9097, Table 2
Porcelain tableware, factory production zelezny23_porcelain_factory · Best available whole-product porcelain tableware figure; Czech grid (coal-heavy) and natural-gas kilns. Table 1 FAC inventory: products 3.0e6 kg, natural gas 2.	3.64	kgCO2e/kg	CZ	2019	Primary source	Zelezny A., Kulhanek J., Pesta J., Koci V. (2023) 'LCA Case Study of Ceramic Tableware: Ecodesign Aspects of Ceramics Production from Ancient Technology to Present Factory', Sustainability 15(11):9097, doi:10.3390/su15119097 (GaBi + ecoinve
Porcelain tableware (Bonna EPD, A1-A3) bonna23_porcelain_tableware · Conversion (mine): A1+A2+A3 = 3.71E-04 + 8.98E-08 + 1.87E-03 = 2.241E-03 kg CO2e per use per 0.827 kg piece; x 1000 uses = 2.241 kg CO2e/piece; / 0.827 kg = 2.7	2.71	kgCO2e/kg	TR	2023	Primary source	EPD-IES-0017302:003, 'Print, Ground, Cras Collection', Kar Porselen Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S. (Bonna), International EPD System, PCR 2022:01 Tableware and kitchenware v1.0; ecoinvent 3.11, SimaPro 10.2; version 2025-12-05, valid to 2030-12-04
Tempered (heat-treated) glass, India, GWP-fossil ais24_tempered_glass · GWP-fossil 1.72 used; the EPD's GWP-total 1.66 nets a small biogenic credit.	1.72	kgCO2e/kg	IN	2024	Primary source	Asahi India Glass Ltd., EPD 'AIS Heat Treated Glass', EPD-IES-0024583, EPD International AB, EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021; published 2025-06-18, revised 2025-09-03, valid to 2030-06-17; ecoinvent 3.10, SimaPro 9.6
Sandstone, Kota (Rajasthan), sawn and flamed, GWP-fossil marshalls23_sandstone_kota · 262/1000 = 0.262 kg CO2e/kg. A3 (processing) dominates: GWP-fossil A1 7.80, A2 9.19, A3 245 kg CO2e/t. Energy quantities from a timed on-site study, not annual	0.262	kgCO2e/kg	IN	2023	Primary source	Marshalls plc, EPD 'Indian Sandstone - Natural Stone', EPD Hub HUB-2473, EN 15804+A2:2019 & ISO 14025, EPD Hub Core PCR v1.1; published 21.02.2025, updated 26.02.2025, valid until 20.02.2030 (One Click LCA)
Granite paving, GWP-fossil marshalls23_granite · 91.4/1000 = 0.0914 kg CO2e/kg. Low vs Indian sandstone partly because of different processing energy data; slab/paving only.	0.0914	kgCO2e/kg	CN	2023	Primary source	Marshalls plc, EPD 'Chinese Granite - Rosalind', EPD Hub HUB-2040, EN 15804+A2; published 08.11.2024, valid until 08.11.2029
Marble / ornamental stone slab, polished (sector average) pna24_marble_slab · Stated range -71% to +177%; Indian marble likely higher (coal-heavy grid).	0.26	kgCO2e/kg	IT	2024	Primary source	Pietra Naturale Autentica (PNA), 'Sector EPD by PNA - Natural Stone Slabs', EPD-IES-0023920:002, International EPD System, ISO 14025 & EN 15804+A2/AC:2021; LCA by Politecnico di Torino (Morvidoni, Pezzin, Bianco, Chiappino), June 2025; vers
Liquid epoxy resin (resin only, no hardener) pe05_epoxy_resin · 8,100,000 mg = 8.1 kg CO2e/kg (unit conversion only). Fossil CO2 alone = 5.7 kg/kg (Table 7); remainder is mainly methane from fuel production. Old (2005) and p	8.1	kgCO2e/kg	EU	2005	Primary source	Boustead I., 'Eco-profiles of the European Plastics Industry: Liquid Epoxy Resins', report for PlasticsEurope, data last calculated March 2005 (PlasticsEurope eco-profile archive, liquid epoxy resin package)
Tropical sawn hardwood, kiln-dried, GWP-fossil globaltimber23_tropical_hardwood · Closest analogue for Indian hardwoods (teak, mango, sheesham, acacia): no Indian EPD exists. Includes sea shipping to Denmark in A1. Biogenic carbon reported se	0.4655	kgCO2e/kg	CG	2022	Primary source	EPD Hub HUB-0367, 'Dried tropical sawn timber sourced from certified forests in Congo basin', Global Timber A/S (DK), EN 15804+A2 & ISO 14025, One Click LCA, 2023
Wood, generic blend (UK DESNZ material use, primary) desnz26_wood_primary · Blend of sawnwood and panel datasets, not sawn timber alone.	0.2695	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2026	Primary source	DESNZ (2026) Government greenhouse gas conversion factors for company reporting, flat file (revised July 2026), row ID 19_500_5048_15_1; Methodology paper 2026 section 12 and Appendix 1
Hardwood, kiln-dried rough-sawn (Australia) fwpa15_hardwood_kd · 438 / 784 = 0.5587 kg CO2e/kg. Dressed kiln-dried hardwood (Table 3) GWPEB = 6.10E+02 kg/m3, so 610/784 = 0.778 kg CO2e/kg. Rough-sawn green (Table 4) = 380/828	0.5587	kgCO2e/kg	AU	2011	Primary source	Forest and Wood Products Australia (2015) Environmental Product Declaration: Hardwood Timber, EPD Registration No. S-P-00561, Version 1, Australasian EPD Programme, Table 2
Bamboo, laminated solid panel, GWP-fossil moso22_bamboo_laminated · A1-A3 GWP-f = 95.7 + 9.28 + 200 = 304.98 kg CO2e/m3; / 700 kg/m3 = 0.4357 kg CO2e/kg. GWP-luluc A1-A3 = 0.029 + 0.0034 + 0.0542 = 0.0866 kg/m3 (negligible). Inc	0.4357	kgCO2e/kg	CN	2021	Primary source	MOSO, EPD 'Laminated (EN15804)', calculation number EPD-NIBE-20210322-18247, verified by A.K. Jeeninga (Advieslab), Dutch NMD / EN 15804+A2; via NOBB (Norwegian product database) copy
Bamboo, strand-woven high density, GWP-fossil moso22_bamboo_strandwoven · A1-A3 GWP-f = 341 + 27.5 + 208 = 576.5 kg CO2e/m3; / 1050 kg/m3 = 0.549 kg CO2e/kg. Including A4: (576.5 + 160)/1050 = 0.701 kg/kg. Stated biogenic CO2 content	0.549	kgCO2e/kg	CN	2021	Primary source	MOSO, EPD 'Density (EN15804)', calculation number EPD-NIBE-20210322-18246, Dutch NMD / EN 15804+A2; NOBB copy
Plywood, tropical hardwood veneer, GWP-fossil kutai24_plywood · 817 / 703.4377 kg per m3 = 1.1614 kg CO2e/kg. GWP-LULUC A1-A3 = 0.892 kg/m3. IPCC 2021 GWP-GHG indicator A1-A3 = 819 kg/m3 (1.164 kg/kg). Product density range	1.1614	kgCO2e/kg	ID	2022	Primary source	EPD 'Plywood from PT Kutai Timber Indonesia', International EPD System via EPD Southeast Asia, reg. no. S-P-15672, EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021
MDF, GWP-fossil kronospan21_mdf_uk · 377 / 770 = 0.4896 kg CO2e/kg. A1 166, A2 51, A3 160 kg CO2e/m3. Single European producer; resin (UF/MUF) is a main driver. Indian MDF on a coal-heavy grid woul	0.4896	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2021	Primary source	EPD Hub HUB-0865, 'Raw Medium and High Density Fibreboard (MDF & HDF)', Kronospan Ltd, EN 15804+A2 & ISO 14025, 2023
Particleboard, GWP-fossil kronospan21_particleboard_uk · 198 / 639 = 0.3099 kg CO2e/kg. GWP-total A1-A3 = -818 kg/m3 (includes biogenic uptake). UK particleboard uses a high share of recycled wood.	0.3099	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2021	Primary source	EPD Hub HUB-0864, 'Raw Particleboard', Kronospan Ltd, EN 15804+A2, 2023
Tissue paper, virgin pulp, GWP-fossil essity23_tissue · 1,320 kg CO2e / 1,000 kg tissue = 1.32 kg CO2e/kg tissue, packaging included. Per kg of everything shipped: 1,320/1,134 = 1.164. The other products in the EPD (	1.32	kgCO2e/kg	NZ	2022	Primary source	Essity Australasia, Environmental Product Declaration for Toilet Tissue (Tork, Purex and Sorbent), EPD Australasia reg. no. S-P-00852, version 3.1 (2023-08-09)
Stainless steel, cold-rolled austenitic (incl. 304), India jindal24_stainless_austenitic · 5.23E+03 kg per tonne = 5.23 kg CO2e/kg. GWP-GHG (excl. biogenic) A1-A3 = 5.18E+03; GWP-fossil 5.19E+03. Average across austenitic grades (not 304-specific). Co	5.23	kgCO2e/kg	IN	2024	Primary source	Jindal Stainless Limited, EPD 'Austenitic Cold Rolled Annealed Pickled Sheets and Coils', EPD-IES-0007804:003 (S-P-07804), International EPD System, version date 2025-11-12, valid to 2030-11-11, PCR 2019:14 v2.0.1
Stainless steel, cold-rolled austenitic (high scrap, low-carbon power) outokumpu22_stainless · 1.87E+03 kg/t = 1.87 kg CO2e/kg. GWP-fossil A1-A3 1.83E+03; GWP-GHG 1.83E+03. Table 4 composition shows 'Scrap Rest 70%'. Low value reflects high scrap share pl	1.87	kgCO2e/kg	EU	2022	Primary source	Outokumpu, EPD 'Cold rolled Austenitic stainless steel', EPD-IES-0017264:001, International EPD System, version date 2024-11-07, valid to 2029-11-07
Copper cathode, global average ica23_copper_cathode · 3,965 kg/t = 3.965 kg CO2e/kg cathode. Copper contained in concentrate = 3.788 kg CO2e/kg Cu. Excludes semi-fabrication (rod/sheet/tube) - add forming energy fo	3.965	kgCO2e/kg	GLO	2019	Primary source	International Copper Association (2023) Copper Environmental Profile - Global 2023 (summary of Quantis 2022 Copper Cathode LCA, critically reviewed by M. Finkbeiner)
Copper cathode, Aurubis (44% recycled) aurubis25_copper_cathode · Producer-specific low-carbon benchmark (not a program-operator EPD; no PCR). Same doc charts ICA global average 3,965 and Aurubis 2019 1,600 / 2023 1,377 / 2024	1.289	kgCO2e/kg	EU	2024	Primary source	Aurubis AG, Environmental Footprint Declaration - Aurubis Copper Cathode, status 10/2025 (published 13/10/2025), LCA supported by Sphera, critical review TUV NORD CERT (ISO 14044 cl. 6)
Brass strip and sheet (38.9% recycled) sofiamed23_brass_strip · GWP-fossil total 3.13. Rolled sheet is relevant to sheet-formed brass kitchenware/jewellery blanks. Recycled content 38.89% (ISO 14021).	3.17	kgCO2e/kg	BG	2023	Primary source	SOFIA MED SA, EPD 'Brass in Strips, Sheets, Discs and Plates', EPD-IES-0020104:001, International EPD System, PCR 2023:01 Fabricated metal products v1.0.2, version date 2025-03-17
Brass bar, scrap with burden (Italy) gnutti23_brass_bar · GWP-GHG A1-A3 6.99. Content: 'Brass 1,00 5,4%' post-consumer; plus scraps 'as waste and by-product, accounting for 0,03% and 61,04%'. Higher than Nordic Brass b	6.93	kgCO2e/kg	IT	2023	Primary source	Trafilerie Carlo Gnutti S.p.A., EPD 'Lega al Silicio' (Silicon Alloy), EPD-IES-0002587:003, International EPD System, PCR 2019:14 (EN 15804+A2), version date 2025-05-30
Brass ingot, 93% recycled (cut-off) nordicbrass25_brass_ingot_recycled · GWP-fossil A1-A3 1.77; recycled content 35.6% post-consumer + 57.4% pre-consumer. Useful as ingot input for casting brass (e.g. Moradabad-style cast brassware)	1.88	kgCO2e/kg	SE	2025	Primary source	Nordic Brass Gusum AB, EPD 'Brass Ingots', EPD-IES-0032883:001, International EPD System, version date 2026-07-03
Silver, global supply mix nuss14_silver_mix · Read in Table S38 of the article's own SI (docx). Main text states GWP method 'IPCC 2007 GWP 100a v1.02'. Supply weights: from Cu 17%, from Pb 28%, from Au-Ag 3	196	kgCO2e/kg	GLO	2008	Primary source	Nuss P, Eckelman MJ (2014) Life Cycle Assessment of Metals: A Scientific Synthesis. PLOS ONE 9(7): e101298. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101298. Supporting Information S1, Table S38.
Silver, secondary (recycled) nuss14_silver_secondary · E-scrap route, not jewellery-scrap refining; wide CI 5.9-36. Use as indicative recycled-silver factor only.	15.7	kgCO2e/kg	GLO	2008	Primary source	Nuss & Eckelman 2014, PLOS ONE 9(7): e101298, SI Table S38
Silver, Aurubis (51% recycled) aurubis25_silver · Same document charts 'Global average, ecoinvent 2021' at 447.93 kg CO2e/kg Ag and Aurubis 2021 209 / 2023 200 / 2024 158 - the 447.93 figure is an ecoinvent val	158	kgCO2e/kg	DE	2024	Primary source	Aurubis AG, Environmental Footprint Declaration - Aurubis Silver, status 10/2025 (published 13/10/2025), LCA supported by Sphera, critical review TUV NORD CERT per ISO 14044
Gold, global supply mix nuss14_gold_mix · World Gold Council 2019 gives 36,415 kg CO2e/kg for mined gold (corporate inventory), about 2.7 times higher; shown as sensitivity.	12500	kgCO2e/kg	GLO	2008	Primary source	Nuss & Eckelman 2014, PLOS ONE 9(7): e101298, SI Table S38
Gold, mined (scope 1-3 upstream, World Gold Council) wgc19_gold_mined · Arithmetic: 13,197 + 15,931 + 7,287 = 36,415 t CO2e/t Au = 36,415 kg CO2e/kg (= 36.4 kg CO2e per gram of gold). Report's whole-market figure 'overall figure of	36415	kgCO2e/kg	GLO	2017	Primary source	World Gold Council (2019) Gold and climate change: Current and future impacts (analysis by Anthesis), Table 3 'Annual global gold market GHG emissions'
Zinc, special high grade, global iza21_zinc · Read on IZA's own page. The full 2023 Environmental Profile PDF is behind a request form (zinc.org/life-cycle-assessment/lca-form-2023-environmental-profile/),	3.5	kgCO2e/kg	GLO	2021	Primary source	International Zinc Association, 'Life Cycle Assessment' web page (zinc.org), citing 2023 Environmental Profile / SHG Zinc LCA Update for 2021
Nickel, class 1 ni16_nickel_class1 · Read in full text (section 3.2.2) on Springer. Nickel Institute has a newer reference-year-2021 dataset, but its page is behind Cloudflare and could not be read	7.64	kgCO2e/kg	GLO	2011	Primary source	Mistry M, Gediga J, Boonzaier S (2016) Life cycle assessment of nickel products. Int J Life Cycle Assess 21:1559-1572. doi:10.1007/s11367-016-1085-x (Nickel Institute study; open access CC BY 4.0)
Tin nuss14_tin · Wide CI 11-26.8. Secondary tin not quantified.	17.1	kgCO2e/kg	GLO	2008	Primary source	Nuss & Eckelman 2014, PLOS ONE 9(7): e101298, SI Table S38
Iron (pig iron) nuss14_pig_iron · Authors note: 'Only includes pig iron (i.e., not representative of the iron and steel sector)'.	1.5	kgCO2e/kg	GLO	2008	Primary source	Nuss & Eckelman 2014, PLOS ONE 9(7): e101298, SI Table S38
Sterling silver (92.5% silver, 7.5% copper), derived derived_sterling_silver · Derived: 0.925 x 196 (silver, Nuss & Eckelman 2014) + 0.075 x 3.965 (copper cathode, ICA 2023) = 181.6.	181.6	kgCO2e/kg	GLO	2008	Primary source	Nuss P, Eckelman MJ (2014) Life Cycle Assessment of Metals: A Scientific Synthesis. PLOS ONE 9(7): e101298. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101298. Supporting Information S1, Table S38.
Paraffin wax rise23_paraffin · Arithmetic: 1.14 kg CO2e per kg candle / 0.991 kg paraffin = 1.15 kg CO2e/kg paraffin (cross-check from the Nordic Swan candle: 0.11/0.099 = 1.11). The paraffin	1.15	kgCO2e/kg	EU	2023	Primary source	Einarson Lindvall E., Lorentzon K. (2023). Climate impact from Nordic Swan Ecolabelled candles. RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, project P118517, for Nordic Ecolabelling, 2023-11-20
Stearin (animal fat), candle wax rise23_stearin · Arithmetic: gross = (1.15 + 0.21 + 0.09) / 0.892 = 1.63 kg CO2e/kg stearin; fossil + dLUC only = 1.24/0.892 = 1.39. Not one of the requested waxes, but a common	1.63	kgCO2e/kg	SE	2023	Primary source	Einarson Lindvall E., Lorentzon K. (2023). Climate impact from Nordic Swan Ecolabelled candles. RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, P118517, 2023-11-20
Silicone rubber (PDMS), global average gsc24_silicone · Industry-commissioned; the same report notes ecoinvent PDMS at 15.86.	6.36	kgCO2e/kg	GLO	2019	Primary source	denkstatt GmbH for the Global Silicone Council (2024). Update of the Si-Chemistry Carbon Balance, Project SILICAB 2: Nutshell Report (incl. Appendix), 18/07/2024; and Summary Report, 18/07/2024. Published by CES - Silicones Europe
ABS resin pe23_abs · Read in '231214_PlasticsEurope Eco-profile ABS-SAN_DRAFT_incl Review Statement_posted.pdf' inside the zip (the filename says DRAFT but the file includes the rev	2.69	kgCO2e/kg	EU	2022	Primary source	PlasticsEurope (2023). Eco-profile of Styrene Acrylonitrile (SAN) and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), December 2023. LCA practitioner Sphera; independently reviewed
Polycarbonate resin pe19_pc · Read in 'PC Eco-profile 2019_final_15.2.2019.pdf' inside the zip. The previous eco-profile was 4.13 (-17.7%), with about 30% of the improvement attributed to en	3.4	kgCO2e/kg	EU	2016	Primary source	PlasticsEurope (2019). Eco-profiles and Environmental Product Declarations of the European Plastics Manufacturers: Polycarbonate (PC), January 2019. LCA practitioner thinkstep AG; reviewer Angela Schindler
PMMA (acrylic) cast sheet pe24_pmma_cast_sheet · Same document as pmma_resin entry. The sheet value includes sheet-making; cutting or laser processing into finished articles is not included.	5.1	kgCO2e/kg	EU	2021	Primary source	PlasticsEurope / Cefic Methacrylates Sector Group (2024). Eco-profile PMMA resin, cast sheets and extruded sheets, Feb 2024
Bio-based polyethylene (sugarcane), GWP-fossil braskem_biope_fossil · Fossil 1.28 incl. a -0.91 credit for exported electricity (2.19 without). Biogenic removals reported separately, never netted.	1.28	kgCO2e/kg	BR	2022	Primary source	Braskem (2025). Life Cycle Assessment of biobased polyethylene (I'm green bio-based PE) - results summary of 'Life Cycle Assessment of Bio-Based Polyethylene I'm green bio-based HDPE - version 5.0', critically reviewed by KPMG (ISO 14040/14
Dark chocolate (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Chocolat noir à moins de 70% de cacao, à croquer, tablette) agb32_31005 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	18.699	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 31005 (Chocolat noir à moins de 70% de cacao, à croquer, tablette); total farm-to-plate 19.1
Cocoa powder (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Cacao, non sucré, poudre soluble) agb32_18100 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	28.324	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 18100 (Cacao, non sucré, poudre soluble); total farm-to-plate 29.1
Peanut butter (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Beurre de cacahuète ou Pâte d'arachide) agb32_15202 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	3.322	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 15202 (Beurre de cacahuète ou Pâte d'arachide); total farm-to-plate 4.06
Coffee, ground (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Café, moulu) agb32_18003 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	7.956	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 18003 (Café, moulu); total farm-to-plate 8.4
Ghee (butter oil) (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Huile de beurre ou Beurre concentré) agb32_16401 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	7.4936	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 16401 (Huile de beurre ou Beurre concentré); total farm-to-plate 7.94
Honey (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Miel) agb32_31008 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	1.2992	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 31008 (Miel); total farm-to-plate 1.57
Almonds (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Amande (avec peau)) agb32_15000 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	2.254	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 15000 (Amande (avec peau)); total farm-to-plate 2.63
Cashew nuts (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Noix de cajou, grillée, salée) agb32_15019 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	3.034	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 15019 (Noix de cajou, grillée, salée); total farm-to-plate 3.56
Peanuts (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Cacahuète ou Arachide) agb32_15001 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	3.984	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 15001 (Cacahuète ou Arachide); total farm-to-plate 4.18
Sunflower seeds (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Tournesol, graine) agb32_15011 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	2.1928	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 15011 (Tournesol, graine); total farm-to-plate 2.91
Dates, dried (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Datte, pulpe et peau, sèche) agb32_13011 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	2.6662	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 13011 (Datte, pulpe et peau, sèche); total farm-to-plate 2.89
Coconut, dried (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Noix de coco, amande, sèche) agb32_15007 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	1.5164	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 15007 (Noix de coco, amande, sèche); total farm-to-plate 2.42
Coconut oil, virgin (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Huile de coco) agb32_6 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	3.221	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 6 (Huile de coco); total farm-to-plate 4.03
Sesame oil (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Huile de sésame) agb32_17400 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	3.61	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 17400 (Huile de sésame); total farm-to-plate 3.94
Peanut oil (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Huile d'arachide) agb32_17040 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	4.012	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 17040 (Huile d'arachide); total farm-to-plate 4.27
Olive oil, extra virgin (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Huile d'olive vierge extra) agb32_17270 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	1.2709	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 17270 (Huile d'olive vierge extra); total farm-to-plate 1.63
Basmati rice, raw (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Riz thaï ou basmati, cru) agb32_9119 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	2.5683	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 9119 (Riz thaï ou basmati, cru); total farm-to-plate 2.86
Rice flour (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Farine de riz) agb32_9520 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	1.9472	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 9520 (Farine de riz); total farm-to-plate 2.48
Rice noodles, dried (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Vermicelle de riz, sèche) agb32_9900 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	1.1924	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 9900 (Vermicelle de riz, sèche); total farm-to-plate 1.56
Rice, raw (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Riz blanc, cru) agb32_9100 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	1.6483	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 9100 (Riz blanc, cru); total farm-to-plate 2.01
Millet flour (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Farine de millet) agb32_9555 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	0.5892	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 9555 (Farine de millet); total farm-to-plate 0.883
Sorghum, whole (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Sorgho entier, cru) agb32_9360 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	0.2631	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 9360 (Sorgho entier, cru); total farm-to-plate 0.427
Wheat flour (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Farine de blé tendre ou froment T55 (pour pains)) agb32_9436 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	0.6127	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 9436 (Farine de blé tendre ou froment T55 (pour pains)); total farm-to-plate 0.791
Muesli (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Muesli floconneux ou de type traditionnel) agb32_32128 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	2.265	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 32128 (Muesli floconneux ou de type traditionnel); total farm-to-plate 2.55
Oat flakes (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Flocon d'avoine) agb32_9311 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	0.9222	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 9311 (Flocon d'avoine); total farm-to-plate 1.22
Dried pasta (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Pâtes sèches standard, crues) agb32_9810 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	1.7966	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 9810 (Pâtes sèches standard, crues); total farm-to-plate 1.98
Turmeric powder (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Curcuma, poudre) agb32_11089 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure. AGRIBALYSE gives t	8.934	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 11089 (Curcuma, poudre); total farm-to-plate 9.4
Cumin seed (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Cumin, graine) agb32_11042 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure. AGRIBALYSE gives t	8.934	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 11042 (Cumin, graine); total farm-to-plate 9.4
Cinnamon powder (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Cannelle, poudre) agb32_11025 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure. AGRIBALYSE gives t	8.934	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 11025 (Cannelle, poudre); total farm-to-plate 9.4
Cardamom powder (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Cardamome, poudre) agb32_11075 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure. AGRIBALYSE gives t	8.934	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 11075 (Cardamome, poudre); total farm-to-plate 9.4
Black pepper powder (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Poivre noir, poudre) agb32_11015 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure. AGRIBALYSE gives t	8.935	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 11015 (Poivre noir, poudre); total farm-to-plate 9.4
Ginger powder (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Gingembre, poudre) agb32_11006 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	1.5652	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 11006 (Gingembre, poudre); total farm-to-plate 2.02
Mung beans, dry (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Haricot mungo, sec) agb32_20530 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	0.2275	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 20530 (Haricot mungo, sec); total farm-to-plate 0.574
Spirulina, dried (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Spiruline (Spirulina sp.), séchée ou déshydratée) agb32_11086 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	11.22	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 11086 (Spiruline (Spirulina sp.), séchée ou déshydratée); total farm-to-plate 11.8
Sugar, brown (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Sucre roux) agb32_31017 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	0.9048	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 31017 (Sucre roux); total farm-to-plate 1.04
Biscuit (cookie) (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Biscuit sec, sans précision) agb32_24000 · Cradle-to-gate reading of the stage table; values are per kg as consumed, with downstream losses applied, so slightly high for a gate figure.	3.347	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 24000 (Biscuit sec, sans précision); total farm-to-plate 3.59
Amaranth (rajgira) (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Amarante, crue) agb32_9345	0.7863	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 9345 (Amarante, crue)
Chickpea, dried (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Pois chiche, sec) agb32_20516	0.5296	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 20516 (Pois chiche, sec)
Chickpea flour (besan) (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Farine de pois chiche) agb32_9580	0.5042	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 9580 (Farine de pois chiche)
Mustard oil (as rapeseed oil) (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Huile de colza) agb32_17130	2.296	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 17130 (Huile de colza)
Coconut oil, as a bulk ingredient (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Huile de coco) agb32ing_6	2.56	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 6 (Huile de coco)
Coconut refined oil, as a bulk ingredient (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Huile ou graisse de coco (coprah), raffinée) agb32ing_16060	2.822	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 16060 (Huile ou graisse de coco (coprah), raffinée)
Olive oil, as a bulk ingredient (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Huile d'olive vierge extra) agb32ing_17270	0.6049	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 17270 (Huile d'olive vierge extra)
Sunflower oil, as a bulk ingredient (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Huile de tournesol) agb32ing_17440	1.969	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 17440 (Huile de tournesol)
Sesame oil, as a bulk ingredient (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Huile de sésame) agb32ing_17400	2.18	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 17400 (Huile de sésame)
Rapeseed oil, as a bulk ingredient (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Huile de colza) agb32ing_17130	2.18	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 17130 (Huile de colza)
Cocoa butter oil, as a bulk ingredient (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Beurre de cacao) agb32ing_16030	26.114	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 16030 (Beurre de cacao)
Avocado oil, as a bulk ingredient (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Huile d'avocat) agb32ing_17100	4.0111	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 17100 (Huile d'avocat)
Peanut oil, as a bulk ingredient (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Huile d'arachide) agb32ing_17040	3.896	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 17040 (Huile d'arachide)
Palm oil, as a bulk ingredient (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Huile de palme raffinée) agb32ing_16150	5.2098	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 16150 (Huile de palme raffinée)
Soy oil, as a bulk ingredient (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Huile de soja) agb32ing_17420	1.7	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 17420 (Huile de soja)
Grapeseed oil, as a bulk ingredient (AGRIBALYSE 3.2: Huile de pépins de raisin) agb32ing_17350	0.493	kgCO2e/kg	FR	2025	Primary source	ADEME/INRAE AGRIBALYSE 3.2, code AGB 17350 (Huile de pépins de raisin)
Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), 100% basis eurochlor22_naoh · European grid; Indian chlor-alkali likely higher. Flaking energy not included.	0.75	kgCO2e/kg	EU	2020	Primary source	Euro Chlor (2022). Eco-profiles and Environmental Product Declarations of the European Chlor-Alkali Industry: Chlorine, Sodium hydroxide, Hydrogen, Sodium hypochlorite. Final report, January 2022. LCA practitioner ifeu Heidelberg; reviewed
Electrical items, small (UK DESNZ material use, primary production) desnz26_electrical_small · Whole small electrical item per kg (ecoinvent market datasets behind it are not itemised). Covers chargers, power banks and similar.	5.64795	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2026	Primary source	DESNZ (2026) UK Government GHG Conversion Factors for Company Reporting 2026 - flat file v1.2 (ghg-conversion-factors-2026-flat-format-revised.xlsx), sheet 'Factors by Category'; methodology: 2026 Government greenhouse gas conversion factor

Electricity grids

Factor	Value	Unit	Geography	Year	Status	Source
India grid, weighted average incl. RE, import-adjusted, FY2024-25 grid_IN_cea_v21_fy2425	0.71	kgCO2e/kWh	IN	2025	Primary source	CEA CO2 Baseline Database for the Indian Power Sector v21.0 (Nov 2025), Table B
China power-sector intensity 2024 grid_CN_ember24 · National-average loss uplift; loss and intensity reference years may differ. Grid line-loss rate; CEC release read in a reprint.	0.585529067	kgCO2e/kWh	CN	2024	Primary source	Ember, Global Electricity Review 2025
USA power-sector intensity 2024 grid_US_ember24 · National-average loss uplift; loss and intensity reference years may differ. Losses and unaccounted for divided by disposition minus direct use; includes balanc	0.404381183	kgCO2e/kWh	US	2024	Primary source	Ember, Global Electricity Review 2025
EU power-sector intensity 2024 grid_EU_ember24 · National-average loss uplift; loss and intensity reference years may differ. Distribution losses divided by final consumption plus losses; national-average appr	0.228714519	kgCO2e/kWh	EU	2024	Primary source	Ember, Global Electricity Review 2025
Bangladesh electricity, life-cycle intensity 2025 grid_BD_owid25 · National-average loss uplift; loss and intensity reference years may differ. Losses including pilferage as share of output; fallback with a generation denominat	0.755841477	kgCO2e/kWh	BD	2025	Pin to primary	Ember via Our World in Data, carbon intensity of electricity
Vietnam electricity, life-cycle intensity 2025 grid_VN_owid25 · National-average loss uplift; loss and intensity reference years may differ. EVN group-wide estimate, not an audited national technical-only rate.	0.490399148	kgCO2e/kWh	VN	2025	Pin to primary	Ember via Our World in Data
Turkiye electricity, life-cycle intensity 2025 grid_TR_owid25 · National-average loss uplift; loss and intensity reference years may differ. Distribution losses divided by final consumption plus losses; national-average appr	0.518514942	kgCO2e/kWh	TR	2025	Pin to primary	Ember via Our World in Data
Germany electricity, life-cycle intensity 2025 grid_DE_owid25 · National-average loss uplift; loss and intensity reference years may differ. Raw files saved unchanged in data/raw/ember_owid/2026-11-12/ and data/raw/eurostat_	0.347881596	kgCO2e/kWh	DE	2025	Pin to primary	Ember via Our World in Data
France electricity, life-cycle intensity 2025 grid_FR_owid25 · National-average loss uplift; loss and intensity reference years may differ. Raw files saved unchanged in data/raw/ember_owid/2026-11-12/ and data/raw/eurostat_	0.045503728	kgCO2e/kWh	FR	2025	Pin to primary	Ember via Our World in Data
Italy electricity, life-cycle intensity 2025 grid_IT_owid25 · National-average loss uplift; loss and intensity reference years may differ. Raw files saved unchanged in data/raw/ember_owid/2026-11-12/ and data/raw/eurostat_	0.304018669	kgCO2e/kWh	IT	2025	Pin to primary	Ember via Our World in Data
Spain electricity, life-cycle intensity 2025 grid_ES_owid25 · National-average loss uplift; loss and intensity reference years may differ. Raw files saved unchanged in data/raw/ember_owid/2026-11-12/ and data/raw/eurostat_	0.169539066	kgCO2e/kWh	ES	2025	Pin to primary	Ember via Our World in Data
Netherlands electricity, life-cycle intensity 2025 grid_NL_owid25 · National-average loss uplift; loss and intensity reference years may differ. Raw files saved unchanged in data/raw/ember_owid/2026-11-12/ and data/raw/eurostat_	0.264865329	kgCO2e/kWh	NL	2025	Pin to primary	Ember via Our World in Data
Pakistan electricity, life-cycle intensity 2025 grid_PK_owid25 · National-average loss uplift; loss and intensity reference years may differ. Added 2026-11-12.	0.408464037	kgCO2e/kWh	PK	2025	Pin to primary	Ember via Our World in Data, carbon intensity of electricity
Sri Lanka electricity, life-cycle intensity 2025 grid_LK_owid25 · National-average loss uplift; loss and intensity reference years may differ. Added 2026-11-12.	0.363366554	kgCO2e/kWh	LK	2025	Pin to primary	Ember via Our World in Data, carbon intensity of electricity
Indonesia electricity, life-cycle intensity 2024 grid_ID_owid25 · National-average loss uplift; loss and intensity reference years may differ. Added 2026-11-12.	0.724580419	kgCO2e/kWh	ID	2024	Pin to primary	Ember via Our World in Data, carbon intensity of electricity
Cambodia electricity, life-cycle intensity 2025 grid_KH_owid25 · National-average loss uplift; loss and intensity reference years may differ. Added 2026-11-12.	0.555599314	kgCO2e/kWh	KH	2025	Pin to primary	Ember via Our World in Data, carbon intensity of electricity
India electricity, life-cycle intensity 2025 grid_IN_owid25 · Default for India because it is life-cycle CO2e; the CEA factor (0.710, generation CO2 only) stays in the library as the official national figure. National-aver	0.813524341	kgCO2e/kWh	IN	2025	Pin to primary	Ember via Our World in Data, carbon intensity of electricity
UK electricity generated + T&D + WTT (generation and T&D) grid_GB_desnz25	0.2454	kgCO2e/kWh	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025

Fuels (gas split, recharacterised to AR6)

Factor	Value	Unit	Geography	Year	Status	Source
Natural gas, per kWh (gross CV) fuel_natural_gas_kwh	0.18296	kgCO2e/kWh	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Fuels and WTT-fuels
Diesel (average biofuel blend), per litre fuel_diesel_litre	2.57082	kgCO2e/litre	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Fuels and WTT-fuels
LPG, per kWh (gross CV) fuel_lpg_kwh	0.2145	kgCO2e/kWh	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Fuels and WTT-fuels
Coal (industrial), per kWh (gross CV) fuel_coal_industrial_kwh	0.32246	kgCO2e/kWh	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Fuels and WTT-fuels
Coal (industrial), per tonne fuel_coal_industrial_tonne	2395.28994	kgCO2e/tonne	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Fuels and WTT-fuels
Fuel oil, per litre fuel_fuel_oil_litre	3.17492	kgCO2e/litre	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Fuels and WTT-fuels

Freight (well-to-wheel)

Factor	Value	Unit	Geography	Year	Status	Source
HGV (all diesel), all HGVs, average laden freight_hgv_avg	0.12522	kgCO2e/t.km	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Freighting goods + WTT delivery vehicles
HGV (all diesel), articulated >33 t, average laden freight_hgv_artic_33t	0.09502	kgCO2e/t.km	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025
Rail freight train freight_rail	0.0347	kgCO2e/t.km	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025
Container ship, average freight_container_ship	0.01977	kgCO2e/t.km	GLO	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025
Freight flight long-haul, WITHOUT radiative forcing (PACT/ISO 14067) freight_air_longhaul	0.66646	kgCO2e/t.km	GLO	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025

End of life

Factor	Value	Unit	Geography	Year	Status	Source
Landfill, paper and board eol_landfill_paper	1.1644894	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Waste disposal
Landfill, clothing eol_landfill_clothing	0.49678228	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Waste disposal
Landfill, plastics / metals / glass eol_landfill_inert	0.00898311	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Waste disposal
Collection and transport to recycling or energy-recovery facility eol_collection_transport	0.00468568	kgCO2e/kg	GB	2025	Pin to primary	UK DESNZ GHG conversion factors 2025, Waste disposal (open/closed loop, combustion)

Screening proxies33 contested stand-in factors

Screening proxies for materials not yet covered by factors.json. Every factor is CONTESTED with reliability 4 and every material has technological score 4 (PCF Engine Methodology v1.0 §5.1, rule 6: proxies only with a technological score of 3 or worse). Replace each with a supplier EPD / PACT PCF, ecoinvent or EF 3.1 before external use. Where the source states no year, year is recorded as 2000 with year_stated=false, so the temporal DQR is 5 (worst) and the uncertainty widens accordingly.

Factor	Value	Unit	Geography	Year	Status	Source
Recycled polyester, chemical textile-to-textile proxy_polyester_recycled_chemical_t2t · Screening proxy carried over from the MFP Carbon v4 factor list (status there: verified). China depolymerisation 1.77-2.24; Europe glycolysis 0.68-0.89. Value =	1.77	kgCO2e/kg	China/Europe	2026	Contested	Textile Exchange, Polyester LCA Technical Report, 2026
Elastane (spandex) proxy_elastane · Screening proxy carried over from the MFP Carbon v4 factor list (status there: indicative). Elastane ranked high per kg but low mass share in garments. Checked	15	kgCO2e/kg	Asia	2014	Contested	van der Velden, Patel & Vogtlander, LCA benchmarking study on textiles made of cotton, polyester, nylon, acryl, or elastane, Int J LCA, 2014
Acrylic fibre proxy_acrylic · Screening proxy carried over from the MFP Carbon v4 factor list (status there: indicative).	5.5	kgCO2e/kg	GLO	2014	Contested	van der Velden et al., Int J LCA, 2014 (acrylic among lowest-impact per kg in that study)
Wool, scoured (conventional) proxy_wool_conventional · No primary per-kg figure for scoured wool was found. Verified greasy-wool results (Wiedemann et al. 2015/2016, AR4) range from 7.0 to 32.2 kg CO2e/kg depending	25	kgCO2e/kg	Australia/Global	2020	Contested	Wiedemann et al., Environmental impacts associated with the production, use and end-of-life of a woollen garment, Int J LCA, 2020
Merino wool fibre proxy_wool_merino · No primary per-kg figure for scoured wool was found. Verified greasy-wool results (Wiedemann et al. 2015/2016, AR4) range from 7.0 to 32.2 kg CO2e/kg depending	20	kgCO2e/kg	Australia	2024	Contested	Li X., Sun L., Zhang J. et al. (2024) Carbon Footprint of Wool at Cradle to Farm-Gate Stage in Victoria, Australia. AATCC Journal of Research 11(1):37-46, doi:10.1177/24723444231201443
Viscose staple fibre proxy_viscose · Shen & Patel 2010, Lenzing Asia: 3.81 net of embedded biogenic carbon; about 5.3 fossil only (read from the figure), used here because removals are reported sep	5.3	kgCO2e/kg	Asia (Asian avg) / Austria (low)	2008	Contested	Shen, L. & Patel, M.K. (2010). Life Cycle Assessment of man-made cellulose fibres. Lenzinger Berichte 88: 1-59 (full study underlying Shen, Worrell & Patel 2010, Resources, Conservation and Recycling 55:260-274)
Jute fibre proxy_jute · ICAR-CRIJAF, India, mass allocation. CONTESTED because methane from water retting is excluded or unclear in every source; nova-Institut puts retting at 0.43-2.5	0.566	kgCO2e/kg	IN	2018	Contested	Singh A.K., Kumar M., Mitra S. (2018). Carbon footprint and energy use in jute and allied fibre production. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 88(8):1305-1311. ICAR-Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres. Table 7.
Silk (mulberry) fibre - agricultural stage proxy_silk · Raw silk, Karnataka (Astudillo et al. 2014), read in a citing review; primary paywalled. The earlier 18.66 was per kg of fresh cocoons, not fibre. Chi et al. 20	80.9	kgCO2e/kg	IN	2014	Contested	Primary: Astudillo M.F., Thalwitz G., Vollrath F. (2014). Life cycle assessment of Indian silk. Journal of Cleaner Production 81:158-167. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.06.007. Value read in citing peer-reviewed review: Liu S., Liu H., Meng Y.,
PU synthetic leather (per kg) proxy_pu_leather_kg · Screening proxy carried over from the MFP Carbon v4 factor list (status there: derived). Derived conversion; area density assumption 0.6 kg/m².	11.7	kgCO2e/kg	GLO	not stated	Contested	Derived from PU synthetic leather 7 kg CO2e/m² at ~0.6 kg/m²
Plant-based leather, e.g. apple/cactus (per kg) proxy_plant_leather_kg · Screening proxy carried over from the MFP Carbon v4 factor list (status there: derived). Derived; most plant leathers are bound with PU, so results vary widely	10	kgCO2e/kg	GLO	not stated	Contested	Derived from plant-based leather 6 kg CO2e/m² at ~0.6 kg/m²
Cork (agglomerated/sheet) proxy_cork · Amorim EPD, expanded corkboard, GWP-fossil only (biogenic credit excluded). Footwear cork is agglomerated with a PU binder and will be higher.	0.72	kgCO2e/kg	PT	2020	Contested	Amorim Cork Insulation, Environmental Product Declaration 'Expanded Insulation Corkboard (ICB)', EPD Hub HUB-0281, EN 15804+A2 & ISO 14025, created with One Click LCA
EVA foam (fossil) proxy_eva_foam · Screening proxy carried over from the MFP Carbon v4 factor list (status there: indicative). Resin ~2-2.5, foaming adds;	3	kgCO2e/kg	Asia	not stated	Contested	Braskem LCA (fossil EVA comparator: bio-EVA gives ~4.5 kg CO2e/kg benefit vs fossil)
Bio-based EVA (Braskem I'm green, sugarcane) proxy_bio_eva_sugarcane · Screening proxy carried over from the MFP Carbon v4 factor list (status there: indicative). Braskem confirms negative footprint & ~4.5 kg benefit vs fossil; exa	-1.5	kgCO2e/kg	Brazil	2025	Contested	Braskem, Updated LCAs for I'm green bio-based portfolio (EF 3.1), 2025
Synthetic rubber (SBR) proxy_sbr_rubber · No public SBR eco-profile. Value is polybutadiene rubber (PlasticsEurope 2005), a related synthetic rubber, used as a flagged stand-in.	3.9	kgCO2e/kg	EU	2005	Contested	PlasticsEurope (I. Boustead), Eco-profiles of the European Plastics Industry: Polybutadiene, March 2005
Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) proxy_tpu · Screening proxy carried over from the MFP Carbon v4 factor list (status there: indicative).	5	kgCO2e/kg	EU	not stated	Contested	PlasticsEurope/ISOPA polyurethane eco-profiles (MDI, polyols)
Moulded pulp / bagasse packaging proxy_moulded_pulp_bagasse · Derived from Fan & Bussracumpakorn 2026 (229 kg CO2e per 10,000 containers, cradle-to-grave, divided by 244.5 kg pulp input). Container mass not reported.	0.94	kgCO2e/kg	CN	2024	Contested	Fan, M. & Bussracumpakorn, C. (2026). Life Cycle Assessment of Sugarcane Bagasse Takeout Containers: A Case Study in Laibin, Guangxi, China. Environment and Natural Resources Journal 24(2):149-161. doi:10.32526/ennrj/24/20250100
Earthenware / terracotta, pit-fired (one experimental firing), fossil share proxy_terracotta_pitfired · 4.03 total of which 1.85 biogenic (wood fuel), so 2.18 fossil. One experimental firing; no Indian terracotta study exists. CONTESTED.	2.18	kgCO2e/kg	CZ	2019	Contested	Zelezny et al. (2023) Sustainability 15(11):9097, Table 2
Hand-made glass (lead crystal, one Italian firm) proxy_handblown_glass · Only primary figure for hand-made glass; includes cutting and acid polishing of lead crystal, likely high for plain soda-lime hand-blown ware. CONTESTED.	21.6	kgCO2e/kg	IT	2006	Contested	Niccolucci V., Rugani B., Bastianoni S. (2009) 'Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) combined with EMergy evaluation for a better understanding of the environmental aspects associated with a crystal glass supply chain', WIT Transactions on Ecology a
Soy wax, modelled as refined soybean oil proxy_soy_wax · No soy-wax LCA exists; refined soybean oil (mass allocation) excludes hydrogenation. Economic allocation roughly doubles it. CONTESTED.	0.589	kgCO2e/kg	US	2021	Contested	United Soybean Board and National Oilseed Processors Association (2024). U.S. Soybeans, Soybean Meal, and Soy Oil Life Cycle Assessment Fact Sheet (summary of the peer-reviewed 2024 US Soy LCA Study)
Bone china, modelled as porcelain tableware (contested stand-in) proxy_bone_china · No primary LCA of bone china exists (searched 2026-10-17). The Bonna porcelain tableware EPD is used; it does not cover the bone-ash body, whose calcination add	2.71	kgCO2e/kg	TR	2023	Contested	EPD-IES-0017302:003, 'Print, Ground, Cras Collection', Kar Porselen Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S. (Bonna), International EPD System, PCR 2022:01 Tableware and kitchenware v1.0; ecoinvent 3.11, SimaPro 10.2; version 2025-12-05, valid to 2030-12-04
Reused textile (upcycled saris, fabric scraps, deadstock): cut-off, no upstream burden proxy_reused_textile · Methodological rule, not a measured value. Under cut-off, reused fabric enters without the burden of its first life. Collection, sorting and washing are real bu	0	kgCO2e/kg	GLO	2026	Contested	Cut-off rule for recycled and reused inputs (ISO 14067:2018 6.4.6.3; PACT Methodology v3.0, recycled content approach)
Black tea, made, Tamil Nadu (cultivation + processing) proxy_tea_black_in · Premalatha et al. 2024 (Plant Science Today): processing estimated from machine ratings, firewood counted as fossil. Darjeeling (ESU 2010, unverified data) give	4.006	kgCO2e/kg	IN	2024	Contested	Premalatha V, Sunitha R, Rajkishore SK, Manimekalai R, Thamaraiselvi SP, Moorthy PS, Raveena R, Ramesh D. Insights of carbon footprint of tea through life cycle approach. Plant Science Today 2024;11(sp4):01-09. doi:10.14719/pst.5374 (CC BY
Green tea, made, Tamil Nadu (cultivation + processing) proxy_tea_green_in · Same study and caveats as black tea. CONTESTED.	3.38	kgCO2e/kg	IN	2024	Contested	Premalatha V et al. Insights of carbon footprint of tea through life cycle approach. Plant Science Today 2024;11(sp4):01-09. doi:10.14719/pst.5374
Jaggery, Maharashtra: sugarcane cultivation share only (lower bound) proxy_jaggery_in · Powar et al. 2022 (Sugar Tech), read in the abstract: cultivation only, boiling excluded, so a lower bound. AGRIBALYSE brown sugar is 0.905. CONTESTED.	1.33	kgCO2e/kg	IN	2022	Contested	Powar RV, Mehetre SA, Powar TR, Patil SB, Ghatge JS, Patil PR. Life Cycle Assessment-Based Comparison of Sugar and Jaggery Production: A Case Study from Western Maharashtra, India. Sugar Tech 24 (2022) 551-562. doi:10.1007/s12355-021-01046-
Castor oil (Indonesia) proxy_castor_oil · Ramdhani et al. 2019, read in a secondary copy. CONTESTED.	1.03	kgCO2e/kg	ID	2019	Contested	Ramdhani M., Yani M., Ismayana A. (2019). Analisis Emisi GRK dan Konversi Energi pada Produksi Minyak Jarak (Ricinus communis L.) dengan Metode Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) [GHG emission analysis and energy conversion in castor oil productio
Water in a formulation proxy_formulation_water · Zero by rule; contributes nothing to the total.	0	kgCO2e/kg	GLO	2026	Contested	Screening rule: the footprint of mains water is negligible next to oils and caustic soda at screening level
Beeswax (mass allocation with honey, Italian farm) proxy_beeswax · Derived from Pignagnoli et al. 2023 (Animals): stationary farm 0.37-0.51, migratory farm 1.57-2.26 kg CO2e/kg. No per-kg wax value is published. CONTESTED.	0.44	kgCO2e/kg	IT	not stated	Contested	Pignagnoli A., Pignedoli S., Carpana E., Costa C., Dal Pra A. (2023) Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions from Honey Production: Two-Year Survey in Italian Beekeeping Farms. Animals 13(4):766. doi:10.3390/ani13040766
Down fill (IDFB LCA, 10% economic allocation to down) proxy_down_fill · Long Trail Sustainability for IDFB (2019, critically reviewed); value per kg read from Table 4 per gram. Allocation sensitivity 2-50%. CONTESTED.	1.96	kgCO2e/kg	GLO	not stated	Contested	Long Trail Sustainability for International Down and Feather Bureau (IDFB) (2019) Life Cycle Assessment of Down Fill Material - Final Report (1 July 2019), ISO 14040/14044 comparative LCA with critical review panel
Coconut shell, raw (Indonesia; copra mass allocation) proxy_coconut_shell · Derived from Puspaningrum et al. 2023 (copra 70.74 kg CO2e/t, mass allocation); shell treated per tonne like copra, which the paper does not confirm. Working th	0.0707	kgCO2e/kg	ID	not stated	Contested	Puspaningrum T., Indrasti N.S., Indrawanto C., Yani M. (2023) Life cycle assessment of coconut plantation, copra, and charcoal production. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management 9(4):653-672
Wool, coarse, greasy (economic allocation) alt_wool_coarse_econ_wiedemann2015 · Sensitivity alternative only (economic allocation). Per kg greasy wool, not scoured fibre, so it shows the effect of the allocation choice, not a better estimat	7	kgCO2e/kg	UK (CS1)	2015	Contested	Wiedemann et al. (2015) Int J Life Cycle Assess 20:463-476, Fig. 1 and Table 5.
Wool, coarse, greasy (protein-mass allocation) alt_wool_coarse_pma_wiedemann2015 · Sensitivity alternative only (protein-mass allocation). Per kg greasy wool, not scoured fibre, so it shows the effect of the allocation choice, not a better est	32.2	kgCO2e/kg	UK upland farm (CS1, Lleyn/Cheviot)	2015	Contested	Wiedemann S.G., Ledgard S.F., Henry B.K., Yan M.-J., Mao N., Russell S.J. (2015). Application of life cycle assessment to sheep production systems: investigating co-production of wool and meat using case studies from major global producers. Int J Life Cycle Assess 20:463-476. doi:10.1007/s11367-015-0849-z (open access). Fig. 1 data, Table 5.
Merino wool, greasy (economic allocation) alt_wool_merino_econ_wiedemann2015 · Sensitivity alternative only (economic allocation). Per kg greasy wool, not scoured fibre, so it shows the effect of the allocation choice, not a better estimat	23.1	kgCO2e/kg	Australia (CS3 pastoral Merino	2015	Contested	Wiedemann et al. (2015) Int J Life Cycle Assess 20:463-476, Fig. 1 and Table 5.
Merino wool, greasy (protein-mass allocation) alt_wool_merino_pma_wiedemann2016 · Sensitivity alternative only (protein-mass allocation). Per kg greasy wool, not scoured fibre, so it shows the effect of the allocation choice, not a better est	20.1	kgCO2e/kg	Australia: WA wheat-sheep zone (fine Merino) 20.1 +/- 3.1	2016	Contested	Wiedemann S.G., Yan M.-J., Henry B.K., Murphy C.M. (2016). Resource use and greenhouse gas emissions from three wool production regions in Australia. Journal of Cleaner Production 122:121-132. Accepted manuscript at QUT ePrints 221487.

Out of scope: impact categories other than climate change (a lower footprint does not mean a lower environmental impact overall), consequential LCA, avoided-emission claims, and offsets or carbon credits, which can never be netted into a footprint.